Granulosa

A rare malignant sex cord stromal tumor of granulosa arising from the granulosa cells of the ovary, which occurs in peri and post menopausal women, granulosa, and that presents with abnormal vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain and distension, granulosa. The tumor is frequently unilateral, estrogen secreting, and has a slow granulosa history and a tendency to relapse long after the initial diagnosis.

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October Learn More or Try it out now. The main consequence of delaying motherhood is compromising a woman's reproductive life with a decline in fertility.

Granulosa

A granulosa cell or follicular cell is a somatic cell of the sex cord that is closely associated with the developing female gamete called an oocyte or egg in the ovary of mammals. In the primordial ovarian follicle , and later in follicle development folliculogenesis , granulosa cells advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the oocyte in the preovulatory or antral or Graafian follicle. The major functions of granulosa cells include the production of sex steroids , as well as myriad growth factors thought to interact with the oocyte during its development. The sex steroid production begins with follicle-stimulating hormone FSH from the anterior pituitary, stimulating granulosa cells to convert androgens coming from the thecal cells to estradiol by aromatase during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. The progesterone may maintain a potential pregnancy and causes production of a thick cervical mucus that inhibits sperm entry into the uterus. In the development of the urinary and reproductive organs , the oogonia become invaginated in the gonadal ridge. The embryological origin of granulosa cells remains controversial. In the s, evidence emerged that the first cells to make contact with the oogonia were of mesonephric origin. It was suggested that mesonephric cells already closely associated with the oogonia proliferated throughout development to form the granulosa cell layer. Sawyer et al. Cumulus cells surround the oocyte. They provide nutrients to the oocyte and influence the development of the oocyte in a paracrine fashion.

GCs were also subjected to neurogenic, granulosa and chondrogenic differentiation, granulosa, which resulted in the expression of specific markers such as nestin, neurofilament, BSP bone sialoproteinOC osteocalcin or COLL1 collagen 1 [ 9 ], granulosa. MiRNAs are small, non-coding molecules involved in post-transcriptional gene expression regulation by base-pairing to mRNAs.

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October Learn More or Try it out now. The ovarian follicle is the basic functional unit of the ovary, comprising theca cells and granulosa cells GCs. Mural GCs produce oestrogen during the follicular phase and progesterone after ovulation, while CCs surround the oocyte tightly and form the cumulus oophurus and corona radiata inner cell layer.

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Mitochondria are at the intersection of aging and fertility, with research efforts centered largely on the role that these specialized organelles play in the relatively rapid decline in oocyte quality that occurs as females approach reproductive senescence. In addition to various roles in oocyte maturation, fertilization, and embryogenesis, mitochondria are critical to granulosa cell function. Herein, we provide a review of the literature pertaining to the role of mitochondria in granulosa cell function, with emphasis on how mitochondrial aging in granulosa cells may impact reproduction in female mammals. Mitochondria are bacterial in origin with an ancestral genome descended from Alphaproteobacteria , which incorporated into the cytoplasm following endosymbiosis over 1. Subsequently, the internalized bacterial genome evolved into the mitochondrial genome, and the ubiquitous organelle is now a critical participant in eukaryotic cellular function. Mitochondria harbor their own genetic material mtDNA , distinct from the nuclear genome nDNA , which in mammals is nearly exclusively inherited through the maternal germline, with rare instances of heteroplasmy as a result of paternal inheritance reported Mitchell, ; Huttemann et al. The remaining gene products associated with mitochondria, including those used for ETC function, are nuclear encoded.

Granulosa

About Translations. Surrounding the oocyte as it develops within the ovary follicle are multiple layers of granulosa cells that are bound to the thick specialised extracellular matrix, the zona pellucida. The innermost layer of these cells, the corona radiata, communicate directly with the oocyte by cytoplasmic extensions passing through the zona pellucida. Following release of the oocyte at ovulation, these cells form the granolas layer. In human development, during the first week of development following fertilization the granolsa cell layer and zona pellucida remain surrounding the blastocyst from which it "hatches" to commence implantation. This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link. References listed on the rest of the content page and the associated discussion page listed under the publication year sub-headings do include some editorial selection based upon both relevance and availability.

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Amsterdam A. Friedenstein A. Stepwise requirement of c-kit tyrosine kinase in mouse ovarian follicle development. The site is secure. Yang M. Gynecol Oncol, 55 , pp. Continuous intraoperative intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemoperfusion CIIPHCP in the treatment of advanced stage and recurrent granulosa cell tumors. Bamberg, U. The value of the prognostic factors in ovarian granulosa cell tumors. Haba, H. J Natl Med Assoc, 90 , pp. Gap junctions connecting CCs and the oocyte allow bi-directional cellular communication, exchanging nutrients and metabolites, which results in the stimulation of oocyte maturation [ 25 , 26 ]. Published online Jun 5. Ames, J.

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Healy, V. Gaffney, B. Assou S. Ovaries are covered with a single layer of flattened or cuboid cells known as the coelomic epithelium, whereas the ovarian stroma consists mostly of fibroblast-like cells and can be subdivided into cortex and medulla, with ovarian follicles located in the cortex [ 10 ]. Inhibin immunohis-tochemistry applied to ovarian neoplasms: a novel, effective, diagnostic tool. Simultaneously, the process of centripetal angiogenesis starts from the vascular network around the follicle, the follicular basement membrane is destroyed and endothelial cells migrate toward the inner GC layer. The oocyte grows within the follicle, which also comprises the somatic granulosa or theca cells, extending through an inward division of the outermost layer that results in additional layer formation [ 14 ]. Furthermore, Merkwitz et al. Exportar referencia. Differentially expressed miRNAs were implicated to be involved in the regulation of steroidogenesis, as well as in the apoptosis and proliferation of GCs; for example, miRa promoted apoptosis by targeting interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 IRAK1 and tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 TRAF6 [ 83 ]. Furthermore, overexpression of miRb resulted in increased GC and CC proliferation, whereas its inhibition during oocyte in vitro maturation caused reduction in the first polar body extrusion, mitochondrial activity and number of oocytes reaching metaphase II. The extracellular reactive oxygen species levels in primary in vitro culture of human ovarian granulosa and cumulus cells. Mattioli et al. Chief cell Oxyphil cell. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol, 21 , pp.